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| death_date = CE | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | monuments = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | other_names = | ethnicity = Arab | years_active = | notable_works = Charter of Medina | employer = | predecessor = | successor = | opponents = Abu Jahl Abū Lahab Umm Jamil | religion = Islam | spouse = | parents = | children = | Daughters }} | relatives = Ahl al-Bayt | signature = Seal of Muhammad }} Muhammad〔Full name: Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim ((アラビア語:ابو القاسم محمد ابن عبد الله ابن عبد المطلب ابن هاشم), lit: Father of Qasim Muhammad son of Abd Allah son of Abdul-Muttalib son of Hashim)〕 ((アラビア語:محمد); c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE),〔Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632 CE, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (mainly non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine. See Stephen J. Shoemaker,''The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,'' University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.〕 the Prophet of Islam, is seen by non-believers as its founder, but by almost all Muslims〔The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community considers Muhammad to be the "Seal of the Prophets" (Khātam an-Nabiyyīn) and the last law-bearing Prophet but not the last Prophet. See: * *〕 as its last prophet sent by God to mankind〔There are smaller sects which too believe Muhammad to be not the last Prophet: The Nation of Islam considers Elijah Muhammad to be a prophet (source: African American Religious Leaders – Page 76, Jim Haskins, Kathleen Benson – 2008). United Submitters International consider Rashad Khalifa to be a prophet. (Source: Daniel Pipes, ''Miniatures: Views of Islamic and Middle Eastern Politics'', page 98 (2004))〕 to restore Islam, which they believe to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.〔Esposito (1998), p. 12.〕〔Esposito (2002b), pp. 4–5.〕 He had united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran, which Muslims believe was revealed to him by God, formed the basis of Islamic religious belief. Born approximately in 570CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at an early age; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib. After his childhood Muhammad primarily worked as a merchant. Occasionally, he would retreat to a cave named Hira in the mountains for several nights of seclusion and prayer; later, at age 40, he reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave〔 * * * 〕〔''Encyclopedia of World History'' (1998), p. 452〕〔An Introduction to the Quran (1895), p. 182〕〔An Introduction to the Quran (1895), p. 184〕 and received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "surrender" (lit. ''islām'') to him is the only way (''dīn'')〔'Islam' is always referred to in the Quran as a ''dīn'', a word that means "way" or "path" in Arabic, but is usually translated in English as "religion" for the sake of convenience〕 acceptable to God, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.〔F. E. Peters (2003), p. 9.〕〔Esposito (1998), p. 12; (1999) p. 25; (2002) pp. 4–5〕 Muhammad gained few early followers, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. After eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. He destroyed 360 pagan idols at the Kaaba.〔Sahih-Bukhari, Book 43, #658〕 In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad fell ill and died. Before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.〔"Muhammad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world 〕〔 See: * Holt (1977a), p.57 * Lapidus (2002), pp 0.31 and 32 〕 The revelations (each known as ''Ayah'', lit. "Sign (God )"), which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the "Word of God" and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in the Hadith and ''sira'' literature, are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia). ==Names and appellations in the Quran== The name ''Muhammad'' ()〔("Muhammad" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 means "praiseworthy" and appears four times in the Quran.〔Jean-Louis Déclais, ''Names of the Prophet'', Encyclopedia of the Quran〕 The Quran addresses Muhammad in the second person by various appellations; prophet, messenger, servant of God (abd''), announcer (''bashir''), witness (''shahid''), bearer of good tidings (''mubashshir''), warner (''nathir''), reminder (''mudhakkir''), one who calls (God ) (''dā‘ī''), light personified (''noor''), and the light-giving lamp (''siraj munir''). Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address: thus he is referred to as the enwrapped (''al-muzzammil'') in Quran and the shrouded (''al-muddaththir'') in Quran .〔Uri Rubin, ''Muhammad'', Encyclopedia of the Qur'an〕 In Sura Al-Ahzab God singles out Muhammad as the "Seal of the Prophets", or the last of the prophets.〔Ernst (2004), p. 80〕 The Quran also refers to Muhammad as ''Aḥmad'' "more praiseworthy" ((アラビア語:أحمد), Sura As-Saff ). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Muhammad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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